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TWELFTH GENERATION
4021. Edward John Mostyn
BOWLBY(14965)
(5)(6)
(7)(8)
was born on
26 Feb 1907 in Manchester Square.(14966)
(14967) He died on 2 Sep 1990
in Isle of Skye.(14968) He was also
known as "John".(14969)
From: http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/3041/bio.html
... John Bowlby started his intellectual career at the university of Cambridge
where he read medicine, upon the advice of his surgeon father.. In his third
year of study, John Bowlby became drawn to what would later be known as developmental
psychology, and he temporarily gave up plans for a medical career.
After graduation he pursued his new-found interest through volunteer at two progressive
schools, the second a small analytically-oriented residential institution that
served about 24 maladjusted children, aged 4-18 years. Bowlby is modest about
his actual work at the school:
"I don't think I would like to describe what I did -I did my best".
...
By the time Bowlby's volunteer service came to an end, John Alford had successfully
persuaded him to resume his medical studies in order to pursue training in child
psychiatry and psychotherapy so that he might further pursue his ideas about
family influences upon children's development. Bowlby had accepted Alford's advice
reluctantly because he did not look forward to the medical training which was
required as the passport to psychiatry. A saving grace was his immediate acceptance
into the British Psychoanalytic Society as a student-candidate. His analyst there
was Joan Riviáere who was a friend of and much influenced by Melanie Klein.
Interestingly, training in psychiatry and psychoanalysis provided Bowlby with
a reasonably tolerant environment in which to develop his own ideas, but the
direct impact on his thinking was relatively small. Much more influential than
the analysts and psychiatrists who had been
his teachers were two social workers whom he encountered during his stint as
a fellow at the London Child Guidance Clinic upon completion of his training:
Christoph Heinecke and James Robertson. These two persons shared his ideas about
the importance for healthy development of a child's early family experience.
Throughout this period, Bowlby felt very strongly that psychoanalysis was putting
far too much emphasis on the child's fantasy world and far too little on actual
events. He expressed this view in an interesting paper (The Influence of Early
Environment in the development of
neurosis and neurotic character; 1940; Int. Journal of Psychoanal., XXI, 1-25)
which already contains many of the ideas which were later to become central to
attachment theory. In emphasizing the influence of early family environment on
the development of neurosis, he claims that "psychoanalysts like the nurseryman
should study intensively, rigorously, and at first hand, the nature of the organism,
the properties of the soil and the interaction of the two". Bowlby dwells
on the adverse effects of early separation, advising mothers to visit their young
children in hospitals.
Following his own injunction for more rigorous studies, Bowlby used case-notes
from his work at the child guidance clinic to prepare the classic paper on Forty-Four
Juvenile Thieves, their characters and home lives (published in 1944). A significant
minority of the children
turned out to have affectionless characters, a phenomenon Bowlby linked to their
histories of maternal deprivation and separation.
Upon returning from army service in 1945, Bowlby became head of the Children's
Department at the Tavistock Clinic. In order to highlight the importance of the
parent-child relationship, he promptly renamed it The Department for Children
and Parents. Unlike most psychoanalysts
of his time - and of ours- Bowlby was deeply interested in finding out the actual
patterns of family interaction involved in both healthy and pathological development.
Directing this department entailed running a clinic, undertaking training and
doing research. To Bowlby's
disappointment, much of the clinical work on the department was done by people
with a Kleinian orientation, who regarded his emphasis on actual family interaction
patterns as totally irrelevant. Because of this approach rift, Bowlby had to
found his own research unit because he could not use the department's clinical
cases for the research he was after.
In 1948, After obtaining his first research funds, Bowlby hired James Robertson
to do observations of young children who were hospitalized, institutionalized
or otherwise separated from their parents. It is well-known that Bowlby focused
the efforts of his research team on a
well-circumscript area: mother-child separation, because separation is a clear-cut
event that either happens or does not.
After two years of collecting data in hospitals, Robertson could not continue
as an uninvolved scientist. He felt compelled to do something for the children
he had been observing, and he made the deeply moving film A two-year-old goes
to hospital (Robertson and Bowlby 1952,
Robertson 1953). In collaboration with Bowlby, the filming was carefully planned
to ensure that no one could later be able to claim that it was biased. Bowlby
and Robertson decided to use time-sampling, documented by the clock which was
always in the picture, to prove that the film segments were not specially selected.
Not only did this film play a crucial role in the development of Attachment Theory
but it also helped improve the fate of children in hospitals in Britain and many
other parts of the world.
In light of the research on separation then going on at the Tavistock Centre,
he received and accepted a request of the WHO to write a report on the fate of
homeless children in post-war Europe. The World Health Organization subsequently
published it in 1951 under the title of Maternal Care and Mental Health.
The task of writing the WHO report made Bowlby realize that the material he was
gathering cried out for a theory that could explain the profound effects of separation
and deprivation experiences on young children. At this point Bowlby was fortunate
to meet Robert Hinde, under whose generous and stern guidance he set about trying
to master the principles of ethology in the hope that they might help him gain
a deeper understanding of the nature of the child's tie to the mother. In 1954
Robert Hinde began to attend regular seminars at the Tavistock Centre and later
drew Bowlby's attention to Harlow's work with rhesus monkeys. The influence was
not unidirectional, however. The contact with Bowlby was instrumental in Hinde's
decisions to mother-infant interaction and separation in rhesus monkeys that
were
reared in social groups.
Bowlby's first formal statement of Attachment Theory, drawing heavily on ethological
concepts, was presented in London in three now classic papers read to the British
Psychoanalytic Society. The first, The Nature of the Child's Tie to his Mother
was presented in 1957 where he reviews the current psychoanalytic explanations
for the child's libidinal tie to the mother (in short, the theories of secondary
drive, primary object sucking, primary object clinging, and primary return to
womb craving). This paper raised quite a storm at the
Psychoanalytic Society. Even Bowlby's own analyst, Joan Riviáere protested
and Donald Winnicot wrote to thank her: "It was certainly a difficult paper
to appreciate without giving away everything that has been fought for by Freud".
Anna Freud, who missed the meeting
but read the paper, wrote: "Dr Bowlby is too valuable a person to get lost
to psychoanalysis".
The next paper in the series Separation Anxiety was presented in 1959. In this
paper, Bowlby pointed out that traditional theory fails to explain both the intense
attachment to mother figure and young children's dramatic responses to separation.
Robertson and Bowlby had
identified three phases of separation response:
1. Protest (related to separation anxiety)
2. Despair (related to grief and mourning), and
3. Detachment or denial (related to defence).
All of which proved Bowlby's crucial point: separation anxiety is experienced
when attachment behaviour is activated and cannot be terminated unless reunion
is restored.
Unlike other analysts, Bowlby advanced the view that excessive separation anxiety
is usually caused by adverse family experiences, such as repeated threats of
abandonment or rejections by parents, or to parent's or siblings' illnesses or
death for which the child feels responsible.
In the third major theoretical paper. Grief and Mourning in infancy and early
childhood, read to the Psychoanalytic Society in 1959 (published in 1960), Bowlby
questioned the then prevailing view that infantile narcissism is an obstacle
to the experience of grief upon loss of a love object. He disputed Anna Freud's
contention that infants cannot mourn, because of insufficient ego development,
and hence experience nothing more than brief bouts of separation anxiety provided
a satisfactory substitute is available. He also questioned
Melanie Klein's claim that loss of the breast at weaning is the greatest loss
in infancy. Instead, he advanced the view that grief and mourning appear whenever
attachment behaviours are activated but the mother continues to be unavailable.
He died of a stroke at his vacation hom on the Isle of Skye in 1990. He was
married to Ursula LONGSTAFF on 16 Apr 1938.(14970)
Edward John Mostyn BOWLBY and Ursula LONGSTAFF had
the following children:
+6389 i.
Mary Hamilton Victoria Ignatia BOWLBY (Private).
+6390 ii.
Sir Richard Peregrine Longstaff BOWLBY 3rd Baronet (Private).
+6391 iii.
Pia Rose Whitworth BOWLBY (Private).
6392 iv.
Robert John Mostyn BOWLBY (Private). |